No session on accessibility, though.

No session directly about accessibility, anyway. Which is weird, given the dedication to accessibility usually witnessed amongst standards-committed website-makers. Or maybe not. AEA is, after all, based on the premise that standards = good, and for many, standards = accessibility. Look at thenetawards.com description of their category ‘standards champion’ – ‘This gong will be awarded to a site, individual or organisation promoting accessible design in 2009’. It’s true, standards and accessibility do go hand-in-hand, clutching each other tightly, but they’re not the same. Adherence to standards doesn’t guarantee accessibility.

So perhaps the absence of a session devoted specifically to accessibility at AEA is compensated for by its spoken and unspoken presence in (almost all) sessions. This was notable in Dan Cederholm’s talk on ‘Progressive Enrichment with CSS3’. Cederholm demonstrated some unbelievably amazing things that can be achieved with ever-so simple CSS3 in some browsers – transitions, re-sizing, movement and more. But he preceded his talk by saying, more or less, ‘none of this matters – and that’s why it’s OK to do it’. In other words, the fact that these effects can only be viewed in certain browsers, or not at all if CSS is disabled, doesn’t get in the way of what really matters – the content. Make content usable and accessible, and then add bells and whistles. In fact, from an intellectual disability perspective, the bells and whistles might make content more accessible.

Eric Meyer couldn’t avoid the accessibility question in his talk ‘JavaScript will save us all’. What if you haven’t got JavaScript? But again, he was talking about using it for progressive enhancement, not for core content. And again, what he was talking about might make content more, not less, accessible for people with intellectual disabilities.

What was really interesting in Eric’s talk was the call – in something of an aside – for a Web Accessibility Project, along the lines of the Web Standards Project. It makes sense. Many web designers complain that the WCAG guidance is complex to understand and implement (see this blog and our ‘core findings’ page). So evangelical translators are needed. Individuals are already doing this, but banding together under the label of the Web Accessibility Project might add impact.

So accessibility was there at AEA, albeit discretely. But accessibility for people with intellectual disabilities was, as ever, absent.

summary of INMD report

full INMD report

As a result of engaging in INMD, all participants took action in relation to ID inclusion, passed on what they had learnt to others, or planned future action. The kinds of action taken include: adapting use of imagery to support text; using large fonts and simple text; re-checking previous work for ID accessibility; passing on information at work, or through blogs. Thus INMD succeeded in contributing to the inclusion of people with ID in the WWW, but mainly for people at the mild end of the ID spectrum. Participants recognized that adaptations for this audience – such as simple text, nice graphics, simple choices and a clear message – could widen and benefit all audiences. In contrast, accessibility measures for people with severe or profound ID may be intrusive to non-disabled audiences. Consequently, participants acknowledged that it would be less likely that they would attend to these audiences’ needs in their future work.

Reception of existing WCAG guidelines was mixed, as participants acknowledged both their value and their limitations. They were widely seen to be complex to understand and implement. It was feared that they may lead to a tick-box culture, and not to genuine accessibility. Nonetheless, the efforts of the WAI have been successful in ensuring that accessibility is a central component of the work of many web professionals. Other factors that have contributed to this development include: legislation which builds on the WCAG guidelines; designers’ own passionate commitment to an open and accessible web; their increasing concern with their own professionalism and a subsequent desire to standardise their work; changes made to design tools; and evangelising about the benefits of accessibility by web design gurus.

But despite the importance attached to accessibility by our participants, barriers to achieving it were also identified. These include: the attitudes of decision-makers, who may not share participants’ commitment to an accessible web; the nature of the projects they work on; a lack of understanding of the accessibility needs of ID audiences, and a lack of guidance about how to address these needs, for example within the WCAG guidelines. The diversity of impairments experienced by people with ID, and their subsequent diverse, complex and non-standardised accessibility requirements, communication systems and assistive technologies account for such absences, as does the historical lack of expertise about ID amongst WCAG working groups. This means that a) WCAG guidance needs to be exceeded to address ID accessibility needs and b) information about how to do this, and on ID accessibility, needs to be made widely available, for example through the development of an online resource. Key decision-makers in the web design process – clients, line managers, copy writers, editors – play an important role in ensuring maximum accessibility. In order to achieve inclusive new media design and ID accessibility, it is necessary to engage with these stakeholders of web design in future action research.

The recommendations regarding how to encourage or achieve ID accessible design emerging from INMD are:

1. Develop an online resource about ID accessibility: including tips, how-to videos, examples of good practice and of user interaction; information about how to exceed WCAG guidelines; and the facility to build a community of web professionals committed to ID accessibility.
2. Engage with intellectually disabled web users: most participants cited user testing as the most beneficial aspect of our workshops. User testing put a human face on the issues discussed with participants, and addressed their lack of understanding about ID audiences and their accessibility needs.
3. Engage a diverse range of stakeholders: decision-makers affect accessibility practice. Further research needs to engage with a more diverse range of stakeholders – line managers, copy writers, policy makers – in order to make ID accessibility happen.
4. Develop research with people at the severe/profound end of the ID spectrum: people at the severe or profound end of the ID spectrum are more likely to be left out of the web, because accessibility measures which address their needs are more intrusive to non-disabled audiences than measures which address mild ID, or sensory or physical impairment. Therefore further action research is needed to attempt to achieve their digital inclusion.

There are also lots of technologies which can help people with disabilities use the web. There is information about some of them in this section, especially those which are made for people with intellectual disabilities.

You can find out about how to make websites that work for everyone, including people with disabilities, at the websites listed below.

Web Accessibility Initiative

The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative works with a number of organisations and through public contribution to develop guidelines and resources aiming to make the Web accessible to most disabled people. The current reference guidelines remain 1999’s WCAG 1.0, however work is drawing towards completion on a revised set of guidelines (WCAG 2.0) which are currently available in working draft form. In addition to content guidelines for Web developers, WAI also produces guidance for the developers of user agents, authoring tools and in relation to the development and implementation of rich media and dynamic Internet applications.

Web AIM

WebAIM provide Web accessibility guidance, training, and tools. Their site contains a considerable collection of excellent free tools and guidance. The site is also an excellent source of up to the minute information and external accessibility links.

Adobe Accessibility Resource Centre

This section of the Adobe site details techniques which enable the creation of accessible PDF documents and sets out a framework to approach accessible design using Adobe Flash.

RNIB Web Access Centre

The RNIB’s Web Access Centre website provides considerable Web accessibility guidance with particular, though far from exclusive, focus on the needs of the visually impaired audience.

Juicy Studio

Juicy Studio is the UK website of accessibility consultant, Gez Lemon. The blog style site provides a great deal of independent Web accessibility guidance, debate and reference materials.

Mencap – Accessibility Guidelines

Mencap are the largest UK charity concerned with the needs of people with intellectual disabilities (they use the term learning disabilities). Mencap produce guidelines in PDF format entitled “Making your website accessible for people with a learning disability” which can be found in the resources relating to learning disablility section.

Jim Thatcher

Jim Thatcher is an accessibility consultant, developer and author with a long history in accessibility, having developed one of the first screen reader applications for IBM way back in the mid 1980s. His site provides excellent reference materials, example techniques and summaries of accessibility guidance.

UIAccess

UIAccess is the homepage of Shawn Lawton Henry (Outreach Coordinator of the WAI) the focus of the main site is user interface design and usability. Thanks to industry sponsorship, the site also hosts an online copy of Shawn’s latest book Just Ask: Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design.

Accessify

Accessify is a UK site dedicated to Web accessibility which offers free tools, accessibility guidance and a regularly updated news blog.

456 Berea St

456 Berea St is the busy and vibrant blog of Swedish Web developer, Roger Johansson. The blog is an excellent and well maintained source covering web standards, accessibility and more…